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Mars is that the fourth planet from the Sun and therefore the second-smallest planet within the system , being larger than only Mercury. In English, Mars carries the name of the Roman god of war and is usually mentioned because the "Red Planet".[17][18] The latter refers to the effect of the iron oxide prevalent on Mars's surface, which provides it a reddish appearance distinctive among the astronomical bodies visible to the eye .[19] Mars may be a planet with a skinny atmosphere, with surface features like the impact craters of the Moon and therefore the valleys, deserts and polar ice caps of Earth.
The days and seasons are like those of Earth, because the rotational period also because the tilt of the rotational axis relative to the ecliptic plane are similar. Mars is that the site of Olympus Mons, the most important volcano and highest known mountain on any planet within the system , and of Valles Marineris, one among the most important canyons within the system . the graceful Borealis basin within the hemisphere covers 40% of the earth and should be an enormous impact feature.[20][21] Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped. These could also be captured asteroids, almost like 5261 Eureka, a Mars trojan.[22][23]
Mars has been explored by several uncrewed spacecraft. Mariner 4 was the primary spacecraft to go to Mars; launched by NASA on 28 November 1964, it made its closest approach to the earth on 15 July 1965. Mariner 4 detected the weak Martian radiation belt, measured at about 0.1% that of Earth, and captured the primary images of another planet from region .[24] The Soviet Mars 3 mission included a lander, which achieved a soft landing in December 1971; however, contact was lost seconds after touchdown.[25] On 20 July 1976, Viking 1 performed the primary successful landing on the Martian surface. On 4 July 1997, the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft landed on Mars and on 5 July released its rover, Sojourner, the primary robotic rover to work on Mars.[27] The Mars Express orbiter, the primary European Space Agency (ESA) spacecraft to go to Mars, arrived in orbit on 25 December 2003.[28] In January 2004, NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers, named Spirit and Opportunity, both landed on Mars; Spirit operated until 22 March 2010 and Opportunity lasted until 10 June 2018.[29] NASA landed its Curiosity rover on Transfiguration , 2012, as a neighborhood of its Mars lab (MSL) mission to research Martian climate and geology.[30] On 24 September 2014, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) became the fourth space agency to go to Mars when its maiden interplanetary mission, the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft, arrived in orbit.[31] The United Arab Emirates became the fifth to successfully undertake a mission to Mars, having inserted an orbiter into the Martian atmosphere on 9 February 2021. China National Space Administration (CNSA)'s Tianwen-1 spacecraft arrived in Martian orbit on 10 February 2021.[33] NASA's Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter successfully landed on Mars on 18 February 2021.[34] Ingenuity successfully completed the primary powered controlled flight by an aircraft on any planet besides Earth on 19 April 2021, beginning vertically, hovering and landing on Mars. [35][36] On 14 May 2021, CNSA's Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover successfully landed on Mars.[37] Zhurong rover was successfully deployed on 22 May 2021, which makes China the second country to successfully deploy a rover on Mars, after the us .[
There are investigations assessing the past habitability of Mars, also because the possibility of extant life. Astrobiology missions are planned, like the ecu Space Agency's Rosalind Franklin rover. Liquid water on the surface of Mars cannot exist thanks to low air pressure , which is a smaller amount than 1% of the air pressure on Earth, except at rock bottom elevations for brief periods.[43][44][45] the 2 polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water.[46][47] the quantity of water ice within the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to hide the planetary surface to a depth of 11 metres (36 ft).[48] In November 2016, NASA reported finding an outsized amount of underground ice within the Utopia Planitia region. the quantity of water detected has been estimated to be like the quantity of water in Lake Superior .
Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the eye , as can its reddish coloring. Its apparent magnitude reaches −2.94, which is surpassed only by Venus, the Moon and therefore the Sun. Optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 kilometres (190 mi) across when Earth and Mars are closest due to Earth's atmosphere.
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